40 years of SMCRA: What have we learned in the state of Wyoming
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) was enacted in 1977 and was the overriding federal regulation governing mining and reclamation of surface coal mines in the United States of American (USA).Many ofthe newest surface mines in the USA at that time, were in the western portion of the nation.Wyoming surface coal mines numbered approximately 20 and were located throughout the state in the coal bearing regions, generally in the south/southwestern portion of the state and the northeastern corner.The Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) is the federal agency tasked with oversight of the implementation of SMCRA.Individual states developed statewide programs that met or exceeded the requirements of SMCRA and, thus, obtained primacy over coal mine mining and reclamation within their boundaries as long as those regulatory conditions were maintained.OSMRE retained oversight on the Indigenous Nations programs within the USA.Much information has been learned on the reclamation side of SMCRA, its regulations and state programs since its passage.This paper and presentation will present some of the basic changes made in reclamation programs over the last 40 years in the State of Wyoming.
Brenda K.Schladweiler
BKS Environmental Associates, Inc., Gillette, WY, USA;Accord Resource Solutions, LLC, Gillette, WY, USA
国际会议
The 2nd International Symposium on Land Reclamation and Ecological Restoration (第二届国际土地复垦与生态修复学术研讨会)
西安
英文
13-16
2017-10-20（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）