Stormwater Management:Myths, Measurements and Models
The urban environs are a complex constructed interface that significantly alters rainfall-runoff relationships,and through the generation of anthropogenic and biogenic constituents results in significant transport of chemical,thermal,microbiological and particulate matter (PM) loads.These loads are largely coupled with the altered rainfall-runoff relationship.In North American cities with municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4s) the load of volumetric runoff,chemicals and PM are equal to or greater than the untreated influent loads to municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) yet the management of urban runoff loads is at least a half century behind municipal wastewater management yet is greater in scale and cost.Urban runoff management is very challenging;in part due to PM hetero-dispersivity,interactions between aqueous and PM phases,stochastic hydrology and highly unsteady hydrodynamics.Such challenges and associated costs with resolving such challenges have led to the relatively common historical examination of a spectrum of urban constituent control systems as black-box systems and rainfall-runoff chemistry utilizing lumped measurements; and many indices and measurement methods adopted from wastewater treatment.Experience over the last several decades has demonstrated that there continues to be a gap in knowledge transfer between the design,analysis and monitoring of what are nominally called Best Management Practices (BMPs),fundamental unit operations and processes (UOP) concepts,sustainability requirements for BMPs,as well as new developments in the behavior of green urban infrastructure.Despite such disparity,tools such as UOP concepts,monitoring tools such as laser diffraction,and continuous simulation modeling are removing stormwater controls from the category ofblack-boxes.With such tools we can now demonstrate treatment viability as a function of the hydrologic,physical,chemical,biological and thermal phenomena for rainfall-runoff or snowmelt.Stormwater systems that do not provide some level of hydrologic restoration,for example through green infrastructure materials; are not sustainable.Additionally given the particulate matter,gross solids and pollutant load inventories that build up in urban areas,source control practices and load credits must be an integral part of any management plan that includes restoration,treatment,control and reuse.Stormwater treatment,urban maintenance and green infrastructure will play an increasingly critical role in the entire urban water cycle and therefore we must develop maintenance practices such as pavement cleaning,source control and near-source control.Further advances with respect to sustainability of urban water require tools such as continuous simulation models,smart sensors and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and a focus on fundamental UOP concepts.This paper examines the role of our constructed environs and activities therein on the urban water cycle and coupled delivery of constituent loads that impact the environment and ecology including human ecology.This paper examines these constituent loads fundamentally and recommends management tools such as continuous simulation of hydrologic restoration to restore sustainability of the urban water cycle.Results illustrate the current practice of MS4s with thousands of BMPs is not sustainable.The future will require these advanced management tools,centralized treatment and frequent maintenance practices.Sustainability will ultimately require source control of loads,green infrastructure and hydrologic restoration.An emerging challenge in North America is the use of reclaimed wastewater back onto the urban interface with commensurate volumetric benefits yet chemical legacy concerns.State of the art tools,specifically computational fluid dynamics (CFD) are introduced to illustrate the role of CFD in examining treatment of urban water.
rainfall runoff imperviousness anthropogenic biogenic metals particulate matter nutrients hydrologic restoration unit operations and processes continuous simulation modeling computational fluid dynamics (CFD) best management practices (BMP)
J SANSALONE YING G ZHANG H S RAJE G BECCIU V RANIERI
Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville Hydraulic Engineering, Milano Polytechnical University, Milan, Italy Roads and Transport, Barl Politeehnical University, Bari,Italy
国际会议
合肥
英文
1-12
2012-05-24（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）