The Demand for Non-Academic Private Tuition: Evidence from Penang (Malaysia)
In this paper, Heckmans sample selection analysis is used on survey data to examine socio-demographical factors affecting participating decisions and expenditures on non-academic private tuition (NAPT) amongst primary level students in Penang (Malaysia). Results of the marginal effects indicate that those who are more likely to send their child to NAPT include Malay (28.4％) and Chinese (31.6％) families, tertiary educated parents (14.7％), and upper-middle (16.7％) and higher (29.2％) income families. Amongst those who partake in NAPT, Malay families (RM44.47) and those with more children in the household (RM8.31) spend significantly less, while high income earners (RM42.95) spend significantly more in NAPT. Finally, upper-middle (RM29.78) and high (RM52.92) income earners spend more in terms of overall unconditional NAPT expenditures. Based on these results, several observations are noted vis-a-vis the demand for NAPT in Penang, Malaysia.
non-academic private tuition expenditures participating decisions sample selection model Malaysia
Juliana Jelani Andrew K.G. Tan
School of Social Sciences Universiti Sains Malaysia 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia
国际会议
上海
英文
86-90
2011-03-11（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）