The Evolution of Citrus IPM in Southern Africa
The climate in the citrus-production regions of southern Africa supports a wide variety of pests and their natural enemies. Until the mid - 1990s, most exporting citrus growers practiced a form of Integrated Pest Management that relied on the conservation of wild natural enemies through the judicious use of plant protection products. Depending on the amount of chemical intervention required for vectors and cosmetic pests, growers were variably successful in keeping key pests such as red scale (Aonidiella aurantii) and citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri) under biological control. False codling moth (FCM) (Thaumatotibia leucotreta) was largely controlled with the use of chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs) and a few insectaries provided natural enemies for augmentation practices that were utilised by some growers. Since 2000, intensified regulation of phytosanitary pests has necessitated maintenance of populations at levels that are insufficient to sustain biological control and the introduction of new natural enemies has been made impractical by South African regulations. Simultaneously, the range of plant protection products available for use on export fruit has declined. These pressures, together with an increase in resistance to CSIs in FCM, have led to the commercial development and use of a granulovirus, the introduction of Sterile Insect Releases (SIR) and mating disruption, for the control of FCM. The availability of inexpensive generic imidacloprid formulations has increased the biorational use of this active ingredient as a soil drench for the control of red scale and suppression of mealybug. This treatment, or stem applications of acetamiprid or methamidophos, is also used for the control of citrus psyllid (Trioza erytreae) , the vector of greening disease. Buprofezin and parasitoid releases are being used for citrus mealybug control, while generic abamectin formulations provide for inexpensive control of Scirtothrips aurantii and several mites. Bait stations are increasingly being used for fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata and C. rosa) control to avoid chemical residues on fruit. Citrus IPM in southern Africa is therefore now based on the use of biorational control strategies such as microbial control, SIR, mating disruption, attractand-kill and soil- and stem-applied systemics.
Biorational control Microbial control Sterile insect technique
T. G. Grout S. D. Moore J. H. Hofmeyr V. Hattingh
Citrus Research International, P 0 Box 28, Nelspruit 1200, South Africa
国际会议
11th International Citrus Congress(第11届国际柑橘大会)
武汉
英文
1218-1222
2008-10-01（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）