Current Status of Citrus IPM in the San Joaquin Valley of California
Citrus thrips Scirtothrips citri (Moulton) and California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) were the primary pests of San Joaquin Valley citrus for several decades and the pest management program revolved around their management. When the citrus industry shifted away from organophosphate and carbamate insecticides due to resistance in these pests and began to use spinosad and pyriproxyfen, forktailed bush katydid Scudderia furcata Brunner von Wattenwyl and citricola scale Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) became primary pests. These species had been controlled through the years by the organophosphate and carbamate insecticides applied for citrus thrips and California red scale and were relatively unaffected by spinosad and pyriproxyfen. Growers have adjusted to the change in pest complex by utilizing low rates of pvrethroids and organophosphate insecticides for katydids tankmixed with the spinosad for thrips and applying organophosphates for citricola scale in alternate years to minimize broad spectrum insecticide use and maintain integrated pest management (IPM). Use of organophosphates is possible in an IPM context because many of the natural enemies have developed at least low levels of resistance to organophosphates and can tolerate periodic treatments. However, citricola populations are beginning to develop resistance to organophosphate insecticides and the alternative neonicotinoid treatments are only moderately effective against citricola scale and fairly broad spectrum, disrupting IPM. Additionally, invasive pests are arriving or being introduced to California at an increasingly rapid rate and affecting the stability of the IPM program. During the past decade glassy winged sharpshooter Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) , a new strain of citrus peelminer Marmara gulosa Guillen and Davis, and citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella (Stainton) have arrived in the San Joaquin Valley and several more pests are expanding their ranges towards this region. Some of these pests, such as the miners, will ultimately be effectively controlled through biological control programs. Pests under eradication programs, pests that transmit disease, and pests that lack effective biological control will require insecticide treatments, and if those treatments are broad spectrum they will disrupt the IPM program.
Organophosphate Carbamate Pyriproxyfen Integrated pest management
Elizabeth E. Grafton-Cardwell
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
国际会议
11th International Citrus Congress(第11届国际柑橘大会)
武汉
英文
1231-1235
2008-10-01（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）