The Five Forces That Impact Forests
Forests, and the ways in which they are utilized and managed, are subject to a myri ad of forces. The principal factors shaping the structure, scope and trends of forests may be classified into several categories: (1) the dynamics of natural forces, (2) the impact of human needs and demographic change, (3) the effect of economic development and markets, (4) the influence of technological change, and (5) the orientation of prevailing governance systems, societal values and cultural norms. These forces act in their respective and unique ways with respect to forests while interacting with one another and reinforcing each other in jointly impac ting the state of forests. This paper aims at presenting a framework to explore the impact of global change on the outputs, functions and structure of the worlds forests. The introductory section outlines the ma jor changes the world has witnessed since the 1980s. In section 2, the five major forces that impact forests are described. In section 3, an analytical approach is presented for examining the interactions of the identified forces in their combined effect on forests. Then, the implica tions of global change on forests are discussed from the perspective of forest management for meeting the needs of enhanced human well-being. The paper concludes with a proposed re search agenda on understanding and addressing the impact of major forces on the worlds forests.
climate change economic development forest management population growth societal values technological advancement
Sen Wang
Canadian Forest Service Natural Resources Canada
国际会议
The Frist Global Forum of Ecological Economics in Forestry(首届全球森林生态经济论坛 GFEEF)
南京
英文
105-114
2009-08-19（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）