Water Pollution Reduction by the Industry in the Catchment Area of the Rhine River: Permitting and Enforcement
The basin of the river Rhine is marked by a high population density, a high degree of industrialization, and the highest amount of shipping on any river of the world. 58 million people live in the basin which covers an area of 185,000 km2.About 50% of Europe s chemical industry is located within the river basin. 11,000 ships pass along the river per year, carrying 200 million tons of goods. Until the early 1970 s, the high loads of untreated waste water from cities and industry destroyed the river s ecosystem over the years and decades. Even still in 1986, a big accident in chemical industry destroyed wide parts of the ecosystem. This was the starting point the International Rhine Action Programme (RAP). All the measures led to significant decreases of the discharges of many hazardous compounds, as well as to decreased concentrations of these compounds in the river. The next step of recovery was the Programme for the Sustainable Development of the Rhine, Rhine 2020 (PSDR), now including flood protection and groundwater management. Finally, the implementation of the European Water framework Directive (WFD)formed another brick stone for further decrease of pollution by industrial discharges. The key elements or an adequate water pollution reduction by industry and cities in Europe are: 1.The establishment of a clear regulatory framework (see above) 2.Strict enforcement 3. Transparent information to the public on polluters 4. An adequate system of financing based on the polluter pays principle 5. Voluntary agreements between the government and sectors of industry on pollution reduction 6. Social responsibility of industry and internal quality systems such as self-surveillance and environmental auditing.
Water Framework Directive priority substances quality standards self - surveillance governmental surveillance polluter pays principle guidelines for responsible care
Stefan Hill Peter Diehl Ben van de Wetering
State Environment Agency Rhineland -Palatinate (Germany) Kaiser - Friedrich - Str. 7, 55116 Mainz, G International Commission for the Protection of the Rhine P. O. B 200253, 56002 Koblenz, Germany
国际会议
郑州
英文
465-471
2009-10-20（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）