CURRENT STATUS OF BIOLOGICAL EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS IN CONTINUOUS MONITORING PROGRAMS
The main objectives of the continuous monitoring programs are focused on assessment of site specific risks with respect to vulnerability of water supply and distribution systems or protection of water resources at large.Implementation of the EU- Water Framework Directive (WFD) for example relies on effective,regular monitoring of the ecological and chemical status of water bodies within the European Union.What is expected from this activity is the confirmation of good status of the water body under consideration,a monitoring requirement of recent European legislation (WFD 2000/60/EC). The objective is linked to a commitment to produce results relating to the quality of receptors and no more solely about the control of emission values of effluents. This gives a much broader scope for monitoring activities as it has to cover surface water,groundwater and coastal waters. Therefore there is an increasing need to obtain comprehensive information on contaminants as far as possible on a continuous basis. The general approaches used for this purpose are continuous physico-chemical monitoring and biological monitoring. In contrast chemical monitoring has kept space in advances in micro electronic development and digital communications. Analytical instruments are becoming automated with features such as instrument controlled sampling, sample processing, calibration, data generation and reporting. Over the past two decades, with the development of lab-on-a-chip (LOAC) and micro total analysis systems (μTAS), the instruments are getting miniaturized and sophisticated; operators can control them remotely, calibrate them and obtain reports. Some of these developments have positively influenced BEWS too, resulting in more dependable, advanced instrumentation. With availability of reliable wireless communications and internet-scale sensing we are able to bring more sensors (chemical or biological) and actuators to become a part of global information exchange which can make BEWS more effective and efficient in monitoring aquatic environment. Some of these developments are discussed in the present paper.
Amara Gunatilaka
Centre for Public Health,Dept.Ecotoxicology,Medical Univ.of Vienna,W(a)hringer Strasse 10,A-1090 Vienna Austria
国际会议
International Conference on Environment Simulation and Pollution Control(第六届环境模拟与污染控制学术研讨会)
北京
英文
160-161
2009-11-01（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）