Major Advances in Fundamental Dairy Cattle Nutrition
Fundamental nutrition seeks to describe the complex biochemical reactions involved in assimilation and processing of nutrients by various tissues and organs, and to quantify nutrient movement (flux) through those processes. Over the last 25 yr, considerable progress has been made in increasing our understanding of metabolism in dairy cattle. Major advances have been made at all levels of biological organization, including the whole animal, organ systems, tissues, cells, and molecules. At the whole-animal level, progress has been made in delineating metabolism during late pregnancy and the transition to lactation, as well as in whole-body use of energy-yielding substrates and amino acids for growth in young calves. An explosion of research using multicatheterization techniques has led to better quantitative descriptions of nutrient use by tissues of the portal-drained viscera (digestive tract, pancreas, and associated adipose tissues) and liver. Isolated tissue preparations have provided important information on the interrelationships among glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism in liver, adipose tissue, and mammary gland, as well as the regulation of these pathways during different physiological states. Finally, the last 25 yr has witnessed the birth of molecular biology approaches to understanding fundamental nutrition. Although measurements of mRNA abundance for proteins of interest already have provided new insights into regulation of metabolism, the next 25 yr will likely see remarkable advances as these techniques continue to be applied to problems of dairy cattle biology. Integration of the omics technologies (functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) with measurements of tissue metabolism obtained by other methods is a particularly exciting prospect for the future. The result should be improved animal health and well being, more efficient dairy production, and better models to predict nutritional requirements and provide rations to meet those requirements.Dairy cattle nutrition can be defined broadly as the utilization of the components of feeds for the processes of maintenance, growth, reproduction, lactation, and health. Applied nutrition is the selection and proportioning of feedstuffs and ingredients to supply the correct amounts and balance of nutrients required for optimal productive and reproductive performance. Fundamental nutrition is the series of biochemical reactions employed in the body during the assimilation and processing of nutrients to meet the physiological needs of the animal. Fundamental and applied nutrition are equally important in determining optimal feeding and management strategies for dairy cattle for health and production. This brief overview will highlight some aspects of basic or fundamental nutrition that are referred to as metabolism, which encompasses many disciplines including biochemistry, physiology, and molecular biology. The paper is adapted from the recent article in the Centennial edition of the Journal of Dairy Science (Drackley et al., 2006), and the author acknowledges the efforts of co-authors Reynolds and Donkin.
J.K.Drackley S.S.Donkin C.K.Reynolds
Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL,USA Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, USA Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, OARDC, Woster, USA
国际会议
奶牛营养与牛奶质量国际研讨会(ist International Symposium on Dairy Cow Nutrition and Milk Quality)
北京
英文
36-46
2009-05-04（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）