Risk Assessment of Pesticides Applied in Paddy Rice Fields in the European Union
In many parts of the world rice is an important if not the most important crop for the food supply of people. Although there are several crop management systems for growing rice often paddy fields are used in the production of rice. Sometimes huge fields are sown with rice; sometimes the scales of the fields are much smaller. Often the application of plant protection products is needed to take care of good quality of the rice crop as well as the yield. The registration decision in the European Union(EU) includes an evaluation of the efficacy of the products as well as side effects on humans, including worker exposure and public health effects, and on the environment, including non-target organisms, like fish and birds. For the environmental risk assessment a tiered system has been set up to evaluate the non- target risks of plant protection products in the application to paddy rice fields taking into account the water management of the fields. To perform the risk assessment for rice paddies first it had to be decided whether or not the standard data set would be sufficient. Depending on the characteristics of the substance the registrant may decide which data should be needed to carry out a risk assessment. The main difference with data requirements for plant protection products in other crops was the additional possibility to perform a separate degradation study in paddy water. The tiered approach consists in step 1 of three situations again depending on the known characteristics like degradation and sorption. If the substance sorbs to soil particles very well or the degradation in soil or water/sediment systems is quick the risk assessment may come to an early decision of no risk. If however, the criterion in step 1 is breached the higher tier 2 may be entered and additional calculations or fate and/or effect studies may be required. The paper describes the equations that rule the calculations for the step 1 approach where a distinction is made in 1 a) no degradation and no sorption, 1 b) degradation and no sorption and 1 c) degradation and sorption. The methods developed have proven to be useful in the risk assessment for substances applied in paddy rice fields by the registrant who is able to determine whether or not a safe use of the substance is possible and for registration authorities to grant registration to guarantee that substances do not have unacceptable side effects and therefore public health and the environment stay protected.
Jan Linders
National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Expert Centre for Substances P. O. Box 1,3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
国际会议
北京
英文
154-161
2007-10-09（万方平台首次上网日期，不代表论文的发表时间）